Harold Pinter

Pinter wins Nobel literary prize        Harold Pinter is known for his forthright views     Controversial British playwright and campaigner Harold Pinter has won the 2005 Nobel Prize for literature. Pinter, 75, whose plays include The Birthday Party and Betrayal, was announced as the winner of the $1.3m (￡723,000) cash prize on Thursday.   The Nobel academy said Pinter's work "uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms".   Pinter is widely regarded as the UK's greatest living playwright.   The academy's citation said: "Pinter restored theatre to its basic elements: an enclosed space and unpredictable dialogue, where people are at the mercy of each other and pretence crumbles."   His spare style, full of threatening silences, has given rise to the adjective "Pinteresque".   Vocal critic   The 75-year-old Londoner, the son of a Jewish dressmaker, is also known for campaigning for human rights.   He was also a vocal critic of the policies of Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan.   The author of more than 30 plays, Pinter also writes poetry and prose.   His screenplays for film and television, include the 1981 movie The French Lieutenant's Woman based on John Fowles' novel.   In winning the prize, he follows writers such as Waiting for Godot playwright Samuel Beckett, German author Guenter Grass and John Steinbeck.   Frenchman Jean-Paul Sartre won the award in 1964 but declined it.   [참고] 헤롤드 핀터 홈페이지 http://www.haroldpinter.org/home/index.shtml        "불안·긴장의 압축 대사… 모호함의 매력"                스웨덴 한림원은 13일 오후8시(한국 시각) 올해의 노벨 문학상 수상자로 영국의 유대계 극작가 해롤드 핀터(75)를 호명했다. 한림원은 “(그가) 일상의 잡담을 통해 (현대인의)위기를 들추어내고 ‘닫힌 방’과 같은 억압 속으로 헤쳐 들어가려 했다”며 제2차 세계대전 이후 영국 드라마를 대표하는 작가라고 평했다. 또 “핀터는 사람들이 서로서로에, 그리고 가식의 편린에 취약할 수밖에 없는 폐쇄된 공간과 예측할 수 없는 대화라는 연극의 기본을 되살려 놓았다”고 설명했다.   런던 동부의 헤크니에서 태어난 그는 청년 시절부터 연극에 두각을 나타내며 학교(해크니 다운스 문법학교) 연극 공연에서 주연을 도맡는다. 왕립연극아카데미(중퇴) 등을 거치며 본격적인 배우 수업을 받았으며 ‘데이비드 배론’이라는 예명으로 명문 극단 ‘아뉴 맥매스터’ 등에서 배우로 활동했다. 그는 27살에 쓴 처녀작 ‘방’(1957)으로 ‘선데이타임즈’ 학생 연극경연대회에 참여하며 극작가의 길로 들어선다. 청년 시절의 무대 경험은 훗날 배우와 관객의 관계 등에 대한 그의 절제된 미학에 큰 영향을 미친 것으로 알려져 있다.   그는 ‘부조리극’의 대가 사뮤엘 베케트의 세례를 가장 야무지게 받은 현대 극작가로 통한다. 20세기 연극의 전ㆍ후기 분수령으로 꼽히는 베케트 이후, 즉 20세기 후반부의 영ㆍ미 연극의 흐름을 주도하며 가장 많이 연구되고 가장 많이 공연되는 작가라는 의미다.   그의 작품은 한 마디로 ‘위협의 극(Comedy of Menace)’이라는 말로 정리된다. 일상의 사실적 공간을 배경으로 희극적 상황이 잔잔하게 전개되지만 모종의 불안이 극 전반에 걸쳐 암시되면서 관객들을 긴장케 한다. 그 불안과 긴장은 초기작 ‘음식승강기’(dumb waiter)나 최근작 ‘재에서 재로’(ashes to ashes)에서 보여지듯 2차대전기의 유대인들의 수난 같은 악몽의 이미지이기도 하고, 권력의 본질에 대한 참혹함이기도 하고, 현대인의 분절적 관계와 절망적 소외 등 현대적 주제에서 배어나오기도 하다.   그는 가장 문제적인 현대 극작가 가운데 한명으로 꼽힌다. 그의 작품이 모호하고 난해하다는 의미다. 이는 그가 무대지시와 대사에 극도로 인색하기 때문이다. 그의 작품들은 대부분 한 두 마디의 짧은 대사에 이은 휴지부(pause 또는 silence)의 연쇄로 관객들에게 생각의 여지를 부여한다. 하나의 단어가 지시하는 의미는 여러 갈래로 분기되고 무한대로 확장되기 일쑤다. 대사 역시 시처럼 압축적이어서 한 가지로 의미를 규정하는 것은 사실상 불가능한, 이를테면 다면체적이라는 것이다. 가령 미국 유학을 떠났다가 결혼해서 돌아온 장남 내외, 특히 그의 20대 아내가 두 동생과 시아버지와의 근친간적인 관계를 맺고 매춘까지 벌이는 것으로 암시되는 내용의 작품 ‘귀환’(Home Coming)의 경우 여성의 이미지가 신화적으로 해석돼 어머니, 연인, 창녀 등으로 다양하게 이해되는가 하면, 탈식민주의와 여성주의 담론의 맥락에서 분석되기도 한다. 또 이민자의 귀환이라는 모티프를 통해 영ㆍ미 관계의 정치적 알레고리로 해석하는 경우도 있다.   그의 대표작이자 현대극의 고전으로 꼽히는 ‘관리인’(The Caretaker)에서는 식민주의나 제국주의적 담론 위에 탈식민의 목소리를 담아, 문화 정치적인 스펙트럼으로 분석ㆍ비평되기도 한다. 한국외대 손동호(영어과 드라마전공) 교수는 “그는 작품을 통해 너무 말을 안 해서 숱한 해석을 끌고 다니는 작가”라며 “그 점은 연구자 입장에서도 매력적이지만 관객 입장에서도 시간이 흐를수록 공연의 느낌을 다채롭게 맛볼 수 있게 한다”고 평했다.   국내에도 그의 팬은 적지 않아, 극단 ‘가변’ 등이 주축이 돼 매년 9월 ‘핀터 페스티벌’을 개최하고 있다. 올해 3회째 공연은 ‘콜렉션’ ‘핫 하우스’ ‘귀향’ ‘배신’ 등의 레퍼토리로 최근 대학로에서 열렸으며 현대영미드라마학회의 추계학술세미나 주제 역시 핀터였다. 국내에는 ‘해롤드 핀트 전집’(전9권, 평민사)이 번역돼 있다.   연출가로도 활동중인 그는 세익스피어상, 유럽문학상, 피란델로상, 데이비드 코헨 영국문학상 등 굵직굵직한 문학상과 로렌스 올리비에 특별상, 몰리에르 데 도뇌르를 받은 바 있다. 런던 퀸메리대학 명예교수이기도 한 그는 아내인 역사학자 안토니아 프레이저와 런던에 살고 있다 최윤필기자 walden@hk.co.kr [한국일보 2005.10.13 22:27:06] Harold Pinter – Biobibliographical notes English Swedish French German     Biobibliographical notes Harold Pinter was born on 10 October 1930 in the London borough of Hackney, son of a Jewish dressmaker. Growing up, Pinter was met with the ｅxpressions of anti-Semitism, and has indicated its importance for his becoming a dramatist. At the outbreak of the Second World War, he was evacuated from London at the age of nine, returning when twelve. He has said that the experience of wartime bombing has never lost its hold on him. Back in London, he attended Hackney Grammar School where he played Macbeth and Romeo among other characters in productions directed by Joseph Brearley. This prompted him to choose a career in acting. In 1948 he was accepted at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. In 1950, he published his first poems. In 1951 he was accepted at the Central School of Speech and Drama. That same year, he won a place in Anew McMaster's famous Irish repertory company, renowned for its performances of Shakespeare. Pinter toured again between 1954 and 1957, using the stage name of David Baron. Between 1956 and 1980 he was married to actor Vivien Merchant. In 1980 he married the author and historian Lady Antonia Fraser. Pinter made his playwriting debut in 1957 with The Room, presented in Bristol. Other early plays were The Birthday Party (1957), at first a fiasco of legendary dimensions but later one of his most performed plays, and The Dumb Waiter (1957). His conclusive breakthrough came with The Caretaker (1959), followed by The Homecoming (1964) and other plays. Harold Pinter is generally seen as the foremost representative of British drama in the second half of the 20th century. That he occupies a position as a modern classic is illustrated by his name entering the language as an adjective used to describe a particular atmosphere and environment in drama: "Pinteresque". Pinter restored theatre to its basic elements: an enclosed space and unpredictable dialogue, where people are at the mercy of each other and pretence crumbles. With a minimum of plot, drama emerges from the power struggle and hide-and-seek of interlocution. Pinter's drama was first perceived as a variation of absurd theatre, but has later more aptly been characterised as "comedy of menace", a genre where the writer allows us to eavesdrop on the play of domination and submission hidden in the most mundane of conversations. In a typical Pinter play, we meet people defending themselves against intrusion or their own impulses by entrenching themselves in a reduced and controlled existence. Another principal theme is the volatility and elusiveness of the past. It is said of Harold Pinter that following an initial period of psychological realism he proceeded to a second, more lyrical phase with plays such as Landscape (1967) and Silence (1968) and finally to a third, political phase with One for the Road (1984), Mountain Language (1988), The New World Order (1991) and other plays. But this division into periods seems oversimplified and ignores some of his strongest writing, such as No Man's Land (1974) and Ashes to Ashes (1996). In fact, the continuity in his work is remarkable, and his political themes can be seen as a development of the early Pinter's analysing of threat and injustice. Since 1973, Pinter has won recognition as a fighter for human rights, alongside his writing. He has often taken stands seen as controversial. Pinter has also written radio plays and screenplays for film and television. Among his best-known screenplays are those for The Servant (1963), The Accident (1967), The Go-Between (1971) and The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981, based on the John Fowles novel). Pinter has also made a pioneering contribution as a director.   This bibliography includes published works only. Works in English 1. Plays (year of writing; year of publication; year of first performance) The Room (1957). – in The Birthday Party, and Other Plays. – London : Methuen, 1960. – (Bristol, 1957) The Birthday Party (1957). – in The Birthday Party, and Other Plays. – London : Methuen, 1960. – (Arts Theatre, Cambridge, 28 April 1958) The Dumb Waiter (1957). – in The Birthday Party, and Other Plays. – London : Methuen, 1960. – (Kleines Haus, Frankfurt, February 1959) A Slight Ache (1958). – in A Slight Ache and Other Plays. – London : Methuen, 1961. – (Broadcast 1959) The Hothouse (1958). – in The Hothouse. – London : Eyre Methuen, 1980. – (Hampstead Theatre, London, 24 April 1980) The Caretaker (1959). – in The Caretaker. – London : Methuen, 1960. – (Arts Theatre, London, 27 April 1960) A Night Out (1959). – in Slight Ache and Other Plays. – London : Methuen, 1961. – (Broadcast on the BBC Third Programme, 1 March 1960) Night School (1960). – in Tea Party and Other Plays. – London : Methuen, 1967. – (Broadcast on Associated Rediffusion Television, 21 July 1960) The Dwarfs (1960). – in Slight Ache and Other Plays. – London : Methuen, 1961. – (Broadcast 1960; New Arts Theatre, London, 18 September 1963) The Collection (1961). – in The Collection. – London : French, 1963 (1962?) ; in The Collection, and The Lover. – London : Methuen, 1963. – (Televised 1961) The Lover (1962). – in The Collection, and The Lover. – London : Methuen, 1963. – (Televised 1961) Tea Party (1964). – in Tea Party and Other Plays. – London : Methuen, 1967. – (Eastside Playhouse, New York, October 1968) The Homecoming (1964). – in The Homecoming. – London : Methuen, 1965. – (Aldwych Theatre, London, 3 June 1965) The Basement (1966). – in Tea Party and Other Plays. – London : Methuen, 1967. – (Televised 1967) Landscape (1967). – in Landscape. – London : Pendragon Press, 1968 ; in Landscape, and Silence. – London : Methuen, 1969. – (Broadcast 1968) Silence (1968). – in Landscape, and Silence. – London : Methuen, 1969. – (Aldwych Theatre, London, 2 July 1969) Old Times (1970). – in Old Times. – London : Methuen, 1971. – (Aldwych Theatre, London, 1 June 1971) Monologue (1972). – in Monologue. – London : Covent Garden Press, 1973. – (Televised on the BBC Television, 13 April 1973) No Man's Land (1974). – in No Man's Land. – London : Methuen, 1975. – (Old Vic, London 23 April, 1975) Betrayal (1978). – in Betrayal. – London : Eyre Methuen, 1978. – (National Theatre, London, November 1978) Family Voices (1980). – in Family Voices. – London : Next Editions, 1981. – (Broadcast on Radio 3, 22 January 1981) Other Places (1982). – in Other Places : Three Plays. – London : Methuen, 1982. – (Cottesloe Theatre, London, October 1982) A Kind of Alaska (1982). – in A Kind of Alaska. – London : French, 1982 ; in Other Places : Three Plays. – London : Methuen, 1982. – (Cottesloe Theatre, London, October 1982) Victoria Station (1982). – in Victoria Station. – London : French, 1982 ; in Other Places : Three Plays. – London : Methuen, 1982. – (Cottesloe Theatre, London, October 1982) One for the Road (1984). – in One for the Road. – London : Methuen, 1984. – (Lyric Theatre Studio, Hammersmith, March 1984) Mountain Language (1988). – in Mountain Language. – London : French, 1988 ; in Mountain Language. – London : Faber, 1988. – (National Theatre, London, 20 October 1988) The New World Order (1991). – in Granta (no 37), Autumn 1991. – (Royal Court Theatre Upstairs, London, 19 July 1991) Party Time (1991). – in Party Time. – London : Faber, 1991. – (Almeida Theatre, London, 31 October 1991) Moonlight (1993). – in Moonlight. – London : Faber, 1993. – (Almeida Theatre, London, 7 September 1993) Ashes to Ashes (1996). – in Ashes to Ashes. – London : Faber, 1996. – (Royal Court at the Ambassadors Theatre, London, 12 September 1996) Celebration (1999). – in Celebration. – London : Faber, 2000. – (Almeida Theatre, London, 16 March 2000) Remembrance of Things Past (2000). – in Remembrance of Things Past. – London : Faber, 2000. – ( Cottesloe Theatre, London, 23 November, 2000)   2. Additional The Proust Screenplay : À la recherche du temps perdu / by Harold Pinter, with the collaboration of Joseph Losey and Barbara Bray. – New York : Grove Press, 1977 Poems and Prose 1949 –1977. – London : Methuen, 1978 The Dwarfs : a novel. – London : Faber, 1990 Various Voices : Poetry, Prose, Politics, 1948 –1998. – London : Faber, 1998 Collected Screenplays. 1. – London : Faber, 2000. – Content : The Servant, The Pumpkin Eater, The Quiller Memorandum, The Accident, The Last Tycoon, Langrishe Go Down Collected Screenplays. 2. – London : Faber, 2000. – Content : The Go-Between ; The Proust Screenplay ; Victory ; Turtle Diary ; Reunion Collected Screenplays. 3. – London : Faber, 2000. – Content : The French Lieutenant's Woman ; The Heat of the Day ; The Comfort of Strangers ; The Trial ; The Dreaming Child The Disappeared and Other Poems. – London : Enitharmon, 2002 Press Conference. – London : Faber, 2002 War : [Eight Poems and one Speech]. – London : Faber, 2003   Works in French C'était hier / traduit de l'anglais par Éric Kahane. – Paris: Gallimard, 1971. – Traduction de: Old Times No man's land ; suivi de Le monte plat ; Une petite douleur ; Paysage ; et de Dix sketches / adaptation française d'Éric Kahane. – Paris: Gallimard, 1979 La collection ; suivi de L'amant ; et de Le gardien / trad. de l'anglais par Éric Kahane. – Paris: Gallimard, 1984. – Traduction de: The Collection ; The Lover ; The Caretaker L'anniversaire / trad. de l'anglais par Éric Kahane. – Paris: Gallimard, 1985. – Traduction de: The Birthday Party Le retour / trad. de l'anglais par Éric Kahane. – Paris: Gallimard, 1985. – Traduction de: The Homecoming Trahisons ; suivi de Hothouse ; Un pour la route: et autres pièces / adapt. française d'Éric Kahane. – Paris: Gallimard, 1987 La lune se couche ; suivi de Ashes to Ashes ; Langue de la montagne ; Une soirée entre amis: et autres textes / trad. de l'anglais par Éric Kahane. – Paris: Gallimard, 1998 Les nains : roman / trad. de l'anglais par Alain Delahaye. – Paris: Gallimard, 2000. – Traduction de: The Dwarfs Autres voix : prose, poésie, politique, 1948–1998 / trad. de l'anglais par Jean Pavans, Isabelle D. Philippe et Natalie Zimmermann. – Montricher: Éd. Noir sur blanc, 2001. – Traduction de: Various Voices La guerre / trad. de l'anglais par Jean Pavans. – Paris: Gallimard, 2003. – Traduction de: War Célébration ; La chambre / trad. de l'anglais par Jean Pavans. – Paris: Gallimard, 2003   Works in Swedish Apart from anthologies no work by Harold Pinter has yet been published in book form in Swedish.   Works in German Tiefparterre / Neu durchges. Fassung nach d. Übers. von Willy H. Thiem. – Reinbek bei Hamburg : Rowohlt, 1967. – Originaltitel : The Basement Teegesellschaft / nach d. Übers. von Willy H. Thiem, d. Bühnen gegenüber Ms. – Reinbek bei Hamburg : Rowohlt, 1968. – Originaltitel: Tea Party Dramen / Neu durchges. Fassung nach d. Übers. von Willy H. Thiem u.a. – Reinbek bei Hamburg : Rowohlt, 1970 Alte Zeiten ; Landschaft ; Schweigen : 3 Theaterstücke / Dt. von Renate u. Martin Esslin. – Reinbek bei Hamburg : Rowohlt, 1972 Betrogen / Dt. von H. M. Ledig-Rowohlt. – Reinbek bei Hamburg : Rowohlt, 1978. – Originaltitel : Betrayal Das Treibhaus / Dt. von Heinrich Maria Ledig-Rowohlt. – Reinbek bei Hamburg : Rowohlt, 1980. – Originaltitel: The Hothouse Der stumme Diener : ausgew. Dramen / Übers. aus d. Engl. von Willy H. Thiem ... Ausw. u. Nachw. von Klaus Köhler. – Leipzig : Insel-Verlag, 1981 Familienstimmen / Dt. von Heinrich Maria Ledig-Rowohlt. – Reinbek bei Hamburg : Rowohlt-Theater-Verlag, 1981. – Originaltitel: Family Voices Einen für unterwegs / Dt. von Heinrich Maria Ledig-Rowohlt. – Reinbek bei Hamburg : Rowohlt-Theater-Verlag, 1984. – Originaltitel: one For the Road Genau / Dt. von Heinrich Maria Ledig-Rowohlt. – Reinbek bei Hamburg : Rowohlt, Theater-Verlag, 1986. – Originaltitel: Precisely An anderen Orten : 5 neue Kurzdramen / Dt. von Heinrich Maria Ledig-Rowohlt. – Reinbek bei Hamburg : Rowohlt, 1988 Die Geburtstagsfeier ; Der Hausmeister ; Die Heimkehr ; Betrogen. – Nach den Übers. von Willy H. Thiem. – Reinbek bei Hamburg : Rowohlt, 1990 Die Zwerge : Roman / Dt. von Johanna Walser und Martin Walser. – Reinbek bei Hamburg : Rowohlt, 1994. – Originaltitel : The Dwarfs Mondlicht und andere Stücke. – Reinbek bei Hamburg : Rowohlt-Taschenbuch-Verl., 2000 Krieg / Aus dem Engl. von Elisabeth Plessen und Peter Zadek. – Hamburg : Rogner und Bernhard bei Zweitausendeins, 2003. – Originaltitel : War   Literature Hayman, Ronald, Harold Pinter. – London : Heinemann, 1968 Esslin, Martin, The Peopled Wound : the Plays of Harold Pinter – London : Methuen, 1970 Hollis, James Russell, Harold Pinter : the Poetics of Silence. – Carbondale, Ill. : Southern Ill. U.P., 1970 Hinchliffe, Arnold P., Harold Pinter. – Boston : Twayne, 1981 Dukore, Bernard Frank, Harold Pinter. – London : Macmillan, 1982 Harold Pinter : You Never Heard Such Silence / edited by Alan Bold. – London : Vision, 1985 Harold Pinter : Critical Approaches / edited by Steven H. Gale. – Rutherford : Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press, 1986 Harold Pinter / edited and with an introduction by Harold Bloom. – New York : Chelsea House Publishers, 1987 Esslin, Martin, Pinter the Playwright. – London : Methuen, 1992 Gussow, Mel, Conversations With Pinter. – New York : Limelight Editions, 1994 Knowles, Ronald, Understanding Harold Pinter. – Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina Press, 1995 Regal, Martin S., Harold Pinter : a Question of Timing. – London : Macmillan, 1995 Billington, Michael, The Life and Work of Harold Pinter. – London : Faber, 1996 Jalote, Shri Ranjan, The Plays of Harold Pinter : a Study in Neurotic Anxiety. – New Delhi : Harman, 1996 Peacock, D. Keith, Harold Pinter and the New British Theatre. – Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1997 Harold Pinter : a Celebration / introduced by Richard Eyre. – London : Faber, 2000 Prentice, Penelope, The Pinter Ethic : the Erotic Aesthetic. – New York : Garland, 2000 Pinter at 70 : a Caseboook / edited by Lois Gordon. – New York : Routledge, 2001 Gale, Steven H., Sharp Cut : Harold Pinter's Screenplays and the Artistic Process. – Lexington : University Press of Kentucky, cop. 2003 The Art of Crime : the Plays and Films of Harold Pinter and David Mamet / edited by Leslie Kane. – New York : Routledge, 2004 Smith, Ian, Pinter in the Theatre. – London : Nick Hern, 2005. – New York : Routledge, 2004 Baker, William, Harold Pinter : a Bibliographical History. – London : The British Library, 2005 Batty, Mark, & Ross, John C., About Pinter : the Playwright and the Work. – London : Faber, 2005   The Swedish Academy   (2002년 평민사)